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Asian Longhorn Beetle

The discovery of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) in central Massachusetts is cause for alarm. This exotic beetle, native to China, is a major threat to our deciduous hardwood trees. The beetles cause damage by tunneling into the trunks and branches of trees, weakening and eventually killing them. Infestations can be devastating to nursery, lumber, wood products, maple syrup, and tourism industries. Host tree targets include maples, horsechestnuts, birches, sycamores, poplars, willows, and elms.

You can help monitor this situation, and potentially avoid a major loss of trees in our cities and northern hardwood forests by watching for the signs of ALB activity listed below:

• Exit holes, dime-sized; appear high in tree branches in July and August, when new adults emerge from their host trees.
• Sawdust appears on ground or branches where adults have exited.
• Oozing sap may appear in places where the beetle has damaged a tree.
• Oval grooves in the bark made by females laying their eggs.

Also, don’t move firewood: buy it where you will burn it.

To report possible ALB sightings, call the Massachusetts ALB Cooperative Program at 1-866-702-9938.

Invasion of the Longhorn Beetles
Smithsonian Magazine, November 2009
By Peter Aslop

Invasive Plant Control

Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)is one of the most damaging invasive plants in the Emerald Necklace parks. It crowds out native vegetation, blocks views of ponds and brooks, and offers limited habitat value for wildlife. Digging or uprooting knotweed by hand is ineffective and can actually lead to its spread.

On October 8 and 9, 2009, a demonstration project to eradicate the knotweed along the southern tip of Leverett Pond in Olmsted Park will commence. Each stem of knotweed in an area of approximately 17,730 square feet will be injected with 3cc/ml of the wetland-approved glyphosate-based herbicide Rodeo (Environmental Protection Agency Reg. No. 62719-324). The glyphosate is drawn down into the knotweed rhizomes and kills the target plant only, leaving any desirable plants immediately next to the knotweed unaffected.

After the knotweed is killed and the stems removed, this area will be seeded with a mix of native grasses, sedges and perennials to stabilize the soil and prevent erosion while preserving views of the Leverett Pond. The seed mix is designed for a variety of site conditions along a wet to dry gradient.

This is an Emerald Necklace Conservancy project in partnership with Boston Parks and Recreation Department.

(Boston Conservation Commission / DEP File No. 006-1207)

Project Schedule

October 8-9: Inject Japanese knotweed stems with Rodeo
30 days later: Cut & remove dead stems; spread native seed mix & mulch
Next summer: Return to do "mop up" injections of any knotweed that returns

Project Area Map

Pesticide Information Profiles

E X T O X N E T
Extension Toxicology Network

A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis and the Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University. Major support and funding was provided by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.

EXTOXNET primary files maintained and archived at Oregon State University Revised June 1996

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Glyphosate

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Trade and Other Names: Trade names for products containing glyphosate include Gallup, Landmaster, Pondmaster, Ranger, Roundup, Rodeo, and Touchdown. It may be used in formulations with other herbicides.

Regulatory Status: Glyphosate acid and its salts are moderately toxic compounds in EPA toxicity class II. Labels for products containing these compounds must bear the Signal Word WARNING. Glyphosate is a General Use Pesticide (GUP).

Chemical Class: Not Available

Introduction: Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, nonselective systemic herbicide used for control of annual and perennial plants including grasses, sedges, broad-leaved weeds, and woody plants. It can be used on non-cropland as well as on a great variety of crops. Glyphosate itself is an acid, but it is commonly used in salt form, most commonly the isopropylamine salt. It may also be available in acidic or trimethylsulfonium salt forms. It is generally distributed as water-soluble concentrates and powders. The information presented here refers to the technical grade of the acid form of glyphosate, unless otherwise noted.

Formulation: Glyphosate itself is an acid, but it is commonly used in salt form, most commonly the isopropylamine salt. It may also be available in acidic or trimethylsulfonium salt forms. It is generally distributed as water-soluble concentrates and powders.

Toxicological Effects:

• Acute toxicity: Glyphosate is practically nontoxic by ingestion, with a reported acute oral LD50 of 5600 mg/kg in the rat. The toxicities of the technical acid (glyphosate) and the formulated product (Roundup) are nearly the same [58,96]. The oral LD50 for the trimethylsulfonium salt is reported to be approximately 750 mg/kg in rats, which indicates moderate toxicity [58]. Formulations may show moderate toxicity as well (LD50 values between 1000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg) [58]. Oral LD50 values for glyphosate are greater than 10,000 mg/kg in mice, rabbits, and goats [8,96]. It is practically nontoxic by skin exposure, with reported dermal LD50 values of greater than 5000 mg/kg for the acid and isopropylamine salt. The trimethylsulfonium salt has a reported dermal LD50 of greater than 2000 mg/kg. It is reportedly not irritating to the skin of rabbits, and does not induce skin sensitization in guinea pigs [58]. It does cause eye irritation in rabbits [58]. Some formulations may cause much more extreme irritation of the skin or eyes [58]. In a number of human volunteers, patch tests produced no visible skin changes or sensitization [58]. The reported 4-hour rat inhalation LC50 values for the technical acid and salts were 5 to 12 mg/L [58], indicating moderate toxicity via this route. Some formulations may show high acute inhalation toxicity [58]. While it does contain a phosphatyl functional group, it is not structually similar to organophosphate pesticides which contain organophosphate esters, and it does not significantly inhibit cholinesterase activity [1,58].
• Chronic toxicity: Studies of glyphosate lasting up to 2 years, have been conducted with rats, dogs, mice, and rabbits, and with few exceptions no effects were observed [96]. For example, in a chronic feeding study with rats, no toxic effects were observed in rats given doses as high as 400 mg/kg/day [58]. Also, no toxic effects were observed in a chronic feeding study with dogs fed up to 500 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested [58,97].
• Reproductive effects: Laboratory studies show that glyphosate produces reproductive changes in test animals very rarely and then only at very high doses (over 150 mg/kg/day) [58,96]. It is unlikely that the compound would produce reproductive effects in humans.
• Teratogenic effects: In a teratology study with rabbits, no developmental toxicity was observed in the fetuses at the highest dose tested (350 mg/kg/day) [97]. Rats given doses up to 175 mg/kg/day on days 6 to 19 of pregnancy had offspring with no teratogenic effects, but other toxic effects were observed in both the mothers and the fetuses. No toxic effects to the fetuses occurred at 50 mg/kg/day [97]. Glyphosate does not appear to be teratogenic.
• Mutagenic effects: Glyphosate mutagenicity and genotoxicity assays have been negative [58]. These included the Ames test, other bacterial assays, and the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell culture, rat bone marrow cell culture, and mouse dominant lethal assays [58]. It appears that glyphosate is not mutagenic.
• arcinogenic effects: Rats given oral doses of up to 400 mg/kg/day did not show any signs of cancer, nor did dogs given oral doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day or mice fed glyphosate at doses of up to 4500 mg/kg/day [58]. It appears that glyphosate is not carcinogenic [97].
• Organ toxicity: Some microscopic liver and kidney changes, but no observable differences in function or toxic effects, have been seen after lifetime administration of glyphosate to test animals [97].
• Fate in humans and animals: Glyphosate is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract and is largely excreted unchanged by mammals. At 10 days after treatment, there were only minute amounts in the tissues of rats fed glyphosate for 3 weeks [98]. Cows, chickens, and pigs fed small amounts of glyphosate had undetectable levels (less than 0.05 ppm) in muscle tissue and fat. Levels in milk and eggs were also undetectable (less than 0.025 ppm). Glyphosate has no significant potential to accumulate in animal tissue [99].

Ecological Effects:

• Effects on birds: Glyphosate is slightly toxic to wild birds. The dietary LC50 in both mallards and bobwhite quail is greater than 4500 ppm [1].
• Effects on aquatic organisms: Technical glyphosate acid is practically nontoxic to fish and may be slightly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. The 96-hour LC50 is 120 mg/L in bluegill sunfish, 168 mg/L in harlequin, and 86 mg/L in rainbow trout [58]. The reported 96-hour LC50 values for other aquatic species include greater than 10 mg/L in Atlantic oysters, 934 mg/L in fiddler crab, and 281 mg/L in shrimp [58]. The 48-hour LC50 for glyphosate in Daphnia (water flea), an important food source for freshwater fish, is 780 mg/L [58]. Some formulations may be more toxic to fish and aquatic species due to differences in toxicity between the salts and the parent acid or to surfactants used in the formulation [58,96]. There is a very low potential for the compound to build up in the tissues of aquatic invertebrates or other aquatic organisms [96].
• Effects on other organisms: Glyphosate is nontoxic to honeybees [1,58]. Its oral and dermal LD50 is greater than 0.1 mg/ bee [98]. The reported contact LC50 values for earthworms in soil are greater than 5000 ppm for both the glyphosate trimethylsulfonium salt and Roundup [58].

Environmental Fate:

• Breakdown in soil and groundwater: Glyphosate is moderately persistent in soil, with an estimated average half-life of 47 days [58,11]. Reported field half-lives range from 1 to 174 days [11]. It is strongly adsorbed to most soils, even those with lower organic and clay content [11,58]. Thus, even though it is highly soluble in water, field and laboratory studies show it does not leach appreciably, and has low potential for runoff (except as adsorbed to colloidal matter) [3,11]. One estimate indicated that less than 2% of the applied chemical is lost to runoff [99]. Microbes are primarily responsible for the breakdown of the product, and volatilization or photodegradation losses will be negligible [58].
• Breakdown in water: In water, glyphosate is strongly adsorbed to suspended organic and mineral matter and is broken down primarily by microorganisms [6]. Its half-life in pond water ranges from 12 days to 10 weeks [97].
• Breakdown in vegetation: Glyphosate may be translocated throughout the plant, including to the roots. It is extensively metabolized by some plants, while remaining intact in others [1].

Physical Properties:

• Appearance: Glyphosate is a colorless crystal at room temperature [1].
• Chemical Name: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine [1]
• CAS Number: 1071-83-6
• Molecular Weight: 169.08
• Water Solubility: 12,000 mg/L @ 25 C [1]
• Solubility in Other Solvents: i.s. in common organics (e.g., acetone, ethanol, and xylene) [1]
• Melting Point: 200 C [1]
• Vapor Pressure: negligible [1]
• Partition Coefficient: -3.2218 - -2.7696 [58]
• Adsorption Coefficient: 24,000 (estimated) [11]

Exposure Guidelines:

• ADI: 0.3 mg/kg/day [12]
• MCL: Not Available
• RfD: 0.1 mg/kg/day [13]
• PEL: Not Available
• HA: 0.7 mg/L (lifetime) [98]
• TLV: Not Available

Basic Manufacturer:
Monsanto Company
800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63167

• Phone: 314-694-6640
• Emergency: 314-694-4000

References: References for the information in this PIP can be found in Reference List Number 10

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DISCLAIMER: The information in this profile does not in any way replace or supersede the information on the pesticide product labeling or other regulatory requirements. Please refer to the pesticide product labeling.